![]() Some studies suggest waterpipe prevalence of 42% in Latvia, 37% in Estonia, 36% in Lithuania, 8% in Malta, 8% in Spain, 5% in Ireland and 5% in Portugal. 13Įuropean Region: Among people aged 15 years or over, 16% had tried waterpipe at least once. Studies (1999 – 2008) suggest that waterpipe use was more frequent than cigarette smoking among children aged 13–15 in most countries of the region, 12 and increasing in multiple countries, with prevalence ranging from 9% to 15%. 11Įastern Mediterranean Region: This region has the highest prevalence of waterpipe use. ![]() 10 In Canada, although cigarette smoking among young people had significantly decreased, waterpipe use increased by 2.6% among young people between 20. In US a national study of the 104,434 university students shows that after cigarette smoking, waterpipe smoking was the most frequent form of tobacco use (8.4%, compared to 29.7% for cigarettes), and over 30% reported using waterpipe at some time. Region of the Americas: Although there is limited research on waterpipe in Latin America, some has been conducted in the United States (US) and Canada. 8 Even among medical students, use is relatively high a study in Pretoria found that nearly 20% of participants had used a waterpipe at some time. 7 A study in Western Cape reported higher figures: 40% current use, and 70% ever use. Research in the WHO advisory note shows that: 6Īfrican region: Research in South Africa shows that 20% of poor high-school students use waterpipe daily, and 60% of reported ever having used one. Use is particularly increasing among schoolchildren and university students. 5 1 PrevalenceĪccording to a WHO advisory note about waterpipe, published in 2015, although waterpipe smoking was traditionally associated with the Eastern Mediterranean region, Southeast Asia and Northern Africa, its use is growing globally among youth and adults of both genders. It has both a short-term and long-term harmful health impact on people who use it, and there are additional harms caused by second-hand smoke. and it is a mode of transmission for communicable diseases. ![]() Image 1: Waterpipe device 4Evidence shows waterpipe is addictive, the smoke is toxic and carcinogenic. The design and features vary from region to region, but the main principle is that the smoke passes through water. The head is usually filled with sweetened and flavoured tobacco and separated from the charcoal by perforated aluminium foil. The smoker sucks the smoke through the water, creating bubbles, through the hose fixed on the top of the bowl, and inhales the smoke through the mouthpiece. When the smoker inhales a piece of lit charcoal heats the leaf tobacco in the head, producing smoke which goes through the body of the device into the water bowl. Waterpipe tobacco is smoked using a device similar to that in image 1. This was marked by the acquisition of Al Nakhla in 2012, at the time the world’s largest waterpipe tobacco manufacturer based in Egypt, by Japan Tobacco International (JTI). ![]() 2 Waterpipe use has spread beyond the Middle East and become integrated into the global tobacco market. In the late 19th century, it was popular among older men in the Middle East who used the harsh non-flavoured form of it, but with the introduction of sweetened and flavoured tobacco in the early 1990’s, Waterpipe use surged among youth, and expanded over all countries and continents, through universities and schools. The origin of waterpipe tobacco smoking is somewhat unclear. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines waterpipe tobacco smoking as “ a form of tobacco consumption that utilizes a single or multi-stemmed instrument to smoke flavoured or non-flavoured tobacco, where smoke is designed to pass through water or other liquid before reaching the smoker”. Waterpipe has different names in different countries such as narghileh, shisha, hookah, hubble-bubble, or goza. ![]()
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